2.2.6 Seasonal pəd- ......................................................................................................................... 145
2.2.7 Colour x&i- ............................................................................................................................... 145
2.2.8 Kinship prefixes ʔixʷ-, cixʷ-, and ciɬ-.................................................................................... 146
2.2.9 Implement -təd....................................................................................................................... 147
2.2.10 Relational -bid....................................................................................................................... 148
2.2.11 Other derivational affixes...................................................................................................... 150
2.3 Prepositions .................................................................................................................................... 151
2.3.1 Locative-temporal prepositions.............................................................................................. 153
2.3.1.1 Locative ʔal ‘at, on’ ...................................................................................................... 165
2.3.1.2 Centripetal dxʷʔal ‘to, towards, into’............................................................................ 174
2.3.1.3 Centrifugal tul’ʔal ‘from, out of’ .................................................................................. 182
2.3.1.4 Prolative liɬʔal ‘via, through’........................................................................................ 186
2.3.2 General preposition ʔə............................................................................................................ 187
2.4 Determiners .................................................................................................................................... 196
2.5 Adverbs and other predicate-modifiers....................................................................................... 223
2.5.1 Lexical adverbs and adverbial particles ................................................................................. 223
2.5.2 Locative adverbs .................................................................................................................... 230
2.5.3 Predicate particles .................................................................................................................. 238
2.5.4 Demonstrative adverbials....................................................................................................... 242
2.6 Interrogative/indefinite words...................................................................................................... 248
2.6.1 gʷat ‘who?’ ............................................................................................................................ 254
2.6.2 stab ‘what?’, stabaɬ ‘what kind of?’, and čədaɬ ‘which?’.................................................... 256
2.6.3 pədtab ‘when?’ ...................................................................................................................... 263
2.6.4 čad ‘where?’, dxʷčad ‘to where?’, tul’čad ‘from where?’, and liɬčad ‘which way?’ .......... 264
2.6.5 čal ‘how?’ .............................................................................................................................. 269
2.6.6 k’ʷid ‘how many? how much?’ .............................................................................................. 272
2.6.7 čayɬ ‘go for what reason?’ and ʔidigʷat ‘say what?’ ............................................................ 276
2.6.8 ʔəx&id ‘what happened?’.......................................................................................................... 278
2.7 Other word classes......................................................................................................................... 286
2.7.1 Personal and possessive pronouns ......................................................................................... 286
2.7.2 Quantifiers.............................................................................................................................. 292
2.7.3 Numerals ................................................................................................................................ 292
2.7.4 Directional particles ............................................................................................................... 302
2.7.5 Interjections and conjunctions................................................................................................ 309
2.8 Compounding................................................................................................................................. 310
3 PHRASE-LEVEL CLITICS............................................................................................................ 311
3.1 Tense and mood ............................................................................................................................. 311
3.1.1 Past tense tu=......................................................................................................................... 311
3.1.2 Habitual mood ƛ’u= ............................................................................................................... 311
3.1.3 Irrealis mood ɬu= ................................................................................................................... 311
3.1.4 Subjunctive mood gʷə=......................................................................................................... 311